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Menelusuri Variasi Bahasa Dayak di Kapuas Hulu: Kajian Dialektometri Atas Delapan Isolek
Abstract
This article aims to present the distribution of eight Dayak isolects in Kapuas Hulu Regency from a dialectometric perspective. Based on dialectometric calculations, primary data consisting of a number of vocabulary items in the target language obtained through fieldwork were analyzed using Séguy's formulation, then grouped according to Guiter's scale and compared with Lauder's scale. The results show that language classification referring to Guiter's scale produces four language groups, namely Kayaan, Tamanik, Ibanik, and Buket-Punan. Within the Tamanik language, there is a subdivision at the level of subdialect differences, namely Taman and Tamambaloh. Furthermore, the Taman subdialect itself is further divided into two variants that are at the level of no difference, namely Taman Kapuas and Taman Sibau. The other language group is Ibanik. According to Guiter's scale, this language group is divided into the Kantuk and Iban variants, both of which are at the subdialect difference level. The last language group is Buket-Punan. Interestingly, this last language group shows different results from the perspectives of Guiter and Lauder. Based on Guiter's scale, this language group is considered a single language but with different dialects. Conversely, according to Lauder's scale, Buket and Punan are regarded as two distinct languages. This demonstrates differing interpretations of language grouping between Guiter and Lauder. In other words, if based on Guiter's scale, the eight isolects can be grouped into four languages. However, according to Lauder, the eight isolects can be grouped into five languages.
Abstrak
Tulisan ini bertujuan memaparkan distribusi delapan isolek Dayak di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu dalam perspektif dialektometri. Dengan berlandaskan pada penghitungan dialektometri, data primer berupa sejumlah kosakata dalam bahasa target yang diperoleh melalui pupuan lapangan dianalisis menggunakan formulasi Séguy yang kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan skala Guiter dan diperbandingkan dengan skala Lauder. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi bahasa yang merujuk pada skala Guiter menghasilkan empat kelompok bahasa, yaitu, Kayaan, Tamanik, Ibanik, dan Buket-Punan. Pada bahasa Tamanik, terdapat turunan pengelompokan pada taraf beda subdialek, yaitu Taman dan Tamambaloh. Selanjutnya, pada subdialek Taman sendiri terbagi lagi menjadi dua varian yang berada pada level tidak ada beda, yaitu Taman Kapuas dan Taman Sibau. Kelompok bahasa lainnya adalah Ibanik. Berdasarkan skala Guiter, kelompok bahasa ini terbagi menjadi varian Kantuk dan Iban yang keduanya berada pada level beda subdialek. Kelompok bahasa terakhir adalah Buket-Punan. Uniknya, kelompok bahasa terakhir ini memperlihatkan hasil yang berbeda dari sudut pandang Guiter dan Lauder. Berdasarkan skala Guiter, kelompok bahasa ini adalah satu bahasa yang sama tetapi dialek yang berbeda. Sebaliknya, jika merujuk pada skala Lauder, Buket dan Punan dianggap sebagai dua bahasa yang berbeda. Ini memperlihatkan interpretasi pengelompok bahasa yang berbeda antara Guiter dan Lauder. Artinya, jika didasarkan pada skala Guiter, delapan isolek itu dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat bahasa. Namun, menurut Lauder, delapan isolek tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi lima bahasa.
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