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Rekonseptualisasi Istilah Desa Kala Patra sebagai Konteks Situasi dan Konteks Tradisi Untuk Mengikat Intensionalitas Meminta Sesuatu dalam Bahasa Bali
Abstract
Language and culture have a reciprocal relationship. Any language in the world adheres to the proposition that language can influence culture and culture can influence language. Therefore, this paper aims to reconceptualize the term of desa kala patra, so that it can function as a context of situation and context of tradition with and without adjustments to bind the intentionality of requesting in Bali language. This research is field research using a qualitative approach. Data was obtained using the participatory observation method using note-taking techniques. Linguistic data in the form of the dictum meaning "I want you to do something" from the realm of family, customs and religion in Bali is taken into account. Besides, further information regarding the context of tradition was obtained from questionnaires and indepth interviews. Questionnaires were distributed to 80 respondents spread across Gianyar Regency. Then the results were cross-referenced to key informants. The results of the research show that the term desa kala patra was reconceptualized comprehensively, such as desa is place, kala is time, and patra is participant. The term desa kala patra functions as a context of situation that can bind intentionality based on the place of utterance at a certain time and certain participants, such as requesting by asking, providing certainty with tag questions, providing information, offering, greeting, and inviting. When the term desa kala patra is accompanied by adjustments to the mode of utterance, then desa kala patra can function as context of tradition that can bind intentionality. The Balinese tradition that can bind the intentionality of requesting in Balinese is the tradition of manut ring sesana lan swadharma which binds the intentionality of requesting through giving advice, providing alternative points, and complaining and sarcasm.
Abstrak
Bahasa dan budaya mempunyai hubungan timbal balik. Bahasa apapun di dunia menganut dalil bahwa bahasa dapat memengaruhi budaya dan budaya dapat memengaruhi bahasa. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengonseptualisasi ulang istilah desa kala patra sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai konteks situasi dan konteks tradisi dengan dan tanpa penyesuaian untuk mengikat intensionalitas meminta sesuatu dalam bahasa Bali. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan metode observasi partisipatif dengan teknik catat. Data linguistik berupa diktum makna “Aku ingin kamu melakukan sesuatu” dari ranah keluarga, adat istiadat, dan agama di Bali dipertimbangkan. Disamping itu, informasi lanjutan terkait konteks tradisi diperoleh dari kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam. Kuesioner disebarkan kepada 80 orang responden yang tersebar di Kabupaten Gianyar. Kemudian hasilnya dirujuk silang kepada informan kunci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa istilah desa kala patra direkonseptualisasikan dengan komprehensif, seperti desa berarti tempat, kala berarti waktu, dan patra berarti partisipan. Istilah desa kala patra difungsikan sebagai konteks situasi yang dapat mengikat intensionalitas berdasarkan tempat tuturan dituturkan pada waktu tertentu dan partisipan tertentu, seperti meminta sesuatu melalui bertanya, memberikan kepastian dengan pertanyaan tag, memberi informasi, penawaran, salam, dan mengundang. Ketika istilah desa kala patra disertai dengan penyesuaian modus tuturannya, desa kala patra dapat berfungsi sebagai konteks tradisi yang dapat mengikat intensionalitas. Tradisi masyarakat Bali yang dapat mengikat intensionalitas meminta sesuatu dalam bahasa Bali adalah tradisi manut ring sesana lan swadharma, tradisi aje were, dan tradisi nawan karang yang mengikat intensionalitas meminta melalui memberikan nasihat, memberikan poin alternatif, dan mengadu dan menyindir.
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