Klasterisasi Unggah-Ungguh Basa Jawa dan Fenomena Penggunaannya Pada Masyarakat: Studi Kasus di 5 Kota Besar di Indonesia

Bagus Wahyu Setyawan; Chafit Ulya; Sa'adatun Nuril Hidayah

doi:10.29255/aksara.v36i1.1132.1--14

Klasterisasi Unggah-Ungguh Basa Jawa dan Fenomena Penggunaannya Pada Masyarakat: Studi Kasus di 5 Kota Besar di Indonesia

Bagus Wahyu Setyawan, Chafit Ulya, Sa'adatun Nuril Hidayah

Abstract

This article discusses and describe about speech level clasterization in Javanaese Language and the language using in society. Form of this research is case study with sociolinguistic approach. Data sources are taken from the use of Javanese language in 5 big cities in Indonesia that are Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, and Malang. The data in this study was obtained by interview methods, field studies, and the method of sightseeing. The results found from this study that there are several varieties of unggah-ungguh basa in Javanese language. The variety most often used by the community can be divided into 3 large groups that are ngoko, madya, and krama inggil. Ngoko (low level of courtesy) consists of ngoko lugu; ngoko andhap antya-basa; and ngoko andhap basa-antya. The variety of basa madya (moderate level of politeness) consists of madya-ngoko; madya-krama; and madyantara. The variety of krama (high level of politeness) consist of basa krama wredha-krama; mudha-krama; kramantara; and krama inggil. The use of various languages at each level is influenced by several factors, including the closeness or social distance between speakers (O1) and speech partners (O2); age; social status; gender; conversation settings; and context of speech. This rule can also be used as a benchmark for the level of politeness and respect of the Javanese people.

Abstrak

Artikel ini membahas dan mendeskripsikan klasterisasi tingkat tutur yang terdapat dalam bahasa Jawa dan penggunaannya di masyarakat. Penelitian ini berbentuk studi kasus dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Sumber data diambil dari penggunaan bahasa masyarakat Jawa di 5 kota besar di Indonesia, yaitu Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, dan Malang. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dengan metode wawancara, studi lapangan, dan metode simak-catat. Hasil yang ditemukan dari penelitian ini bahwa terdapat beberapa ragam unggah-ungguh basa dalam khazanah bahasa Jawa. Ragam yang paling sering digunakan oleh masyarakat dapat dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok besar, yaitu ngoko, madya, dan krama inggil. Ngoko (tingkat kesopanan rendah) terdiri dari ngoko lugu; ngoko andhap antya-basa; dan ngoko andhap basa-antya. Ragam bahasa madya (tingkat kesopanan sedang) terdiri atas madya-ngoko; madya-krama; dan madyantara. Ragam Bahasa krama (kesopanan tinggi) basa krama wredha-krama; mudha-krama; kramantara; dan krama inggil. Penggunaan ragam bahasa di setiap tingkatnya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya kedekatan atau jarak sosial antara penutur (O1) dan mitra tutur (O2), umur penutur dan mitra tutur; status sosial mitra tutur, gender, tempat atau setting percakapan dan konteks yang melingkupi tuturan. Kaidah unggah-ungguh bahasa Jawa ini juga dapat digunakan sebagai tolok ukur tingkat kesopanan dan rasa menghormati dari masyarakat Jawa.

Keywords

Klasterisasi ragam bahasa; unggah-ungguh basa Jawa; tingkat tutur; sosiolinguistik

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v36i1.1132.1--14